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On June 7, 2022, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it would conduct an inquiry into the competitive impact of contracting and other business practices of pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), including their effects on access to and affordability of prescription drugs.  As part of the inquiry, which is similar to FTC inquiries into other aspects of the health care industry, the FTC issued orders under Section 6(b) of the FTC Act requiring the six largest PBMs to provide information and records to the Commission. 

The five FTC commissioners voted unanimously on June 6, 2022 to conduct the study and issue the Section 6(b) orders.  According to the FTC mission statement, Section 6(b) “enables [the FTC] to conduct wide-ranging studies that do not have a specific law enforcement purpose.” 

In February, an earlier proposed review of PBMs failed to receive approval on a 2-2 party-line vote, with the two Republican Commissioners, Noah J. Phillips and Christine S. Wilson, voting against the proposed study. Commissioner Alvaro Bedoya was confirmed by the Senate in May, giving Democrats three seats on the Commission. 

Commissioners Phillips and Wilson issued a statement indicating that they had voted to approve the current inquiry because it has a different scope than the previously proposed study, including relationships between PBMs and both pharmacies and pharmaceutical manufacturers, “including, critically, how those practices might impact out-of-pocket costs for consumers.”

The FTC stated that its inquiry will examine PBMs’ role as middlemen who are hired by health plans to negotiate rebates and fees with drug manufacturers, create drug formularies and related policies, and reimburse pharmacies for patients’ prescriptions.  The Commission said that PBMs “often have enormous influence on which drugs are prescribed to patients, which pharmacies patients can use, and how much patients ultimately pay at the pharmacy counter.”  Chair Linda M. Khan stated that the FTC had received complaints about PBM practices from patients and professionals across the healthcare system, several of which the inquiry will examine.    Continue Reading FTC announces inquiry into PBM practices and orders PBMs to provide information

In 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) directed the Secretary of Health and Human Services to issue regulations to establish an administrative dispute resolution (ADR) process for certain claims between Section 340B covered entities and pharmaceutical manufacturers (e.g., claims of overcharging by manufacturers and claims of covered entities taking duplicative discounts or diverting Section 340B

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has announced a new voluntary Part D Senior Savings Model (the Model) intended to reduce Medicare beneficiary cost sharing for insulin.  Under the Model, participating insulin manufacturers and participating sponsors of Medicare Part D prescription drug plans (PDPs) and Medicare Advantage Part D plans (MA-PDs) will make available 30-day supplies of insulin to beneficiaries of certain “enhanced benefit” PDPs and MA-PDs, with cost-sharing capped at no more than $35 during all phases of the Part D benefit, other than the catastrophic benefit.

The Model appears to reflect a balancing of plan and manufacturer concerns.  If there is significant participation by Part D sponsors, the Model could provide meaningful relief to beneficiaries facing high out-of-pocket costs for insulin under Part D.  As of the writing of this post, three of the largest insulin manufacturers – Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi Aventis –have announced their intention to participate.

The Model, which was announced March 11, 2019, will be a five-year program, beginning in plan year 2021.  CMS is offering the Model through the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) pursuant to authority under section 1115A of the Social Security Act (added by the Affordable Care Act).  The following is a summary of the new Model, along with our initial observations regarding some of its implications.Continue Reading CMS Rolls Out New Medicare Part D “Senior Savings Model” Designed to Drive Down Insulin Copayments

Late yesterday, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released a proposed rule to amend the anti-kickback safe harbors[1] in response to perceived risks that rebates paid by pharmaceutical manufacturers to payors and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) may contribute to pharmaceutical list price inflation and not benefit patients and payors.  The proposed rule would (i) remove safe harbor protection for drug manufacturer rebates to Part D plans, Medicaid managed care organizations, and PBMs acting under contract with either type of entity, (ii) establish a new safe harbor protecting manufacturer “point of sale” price reductions on Part D and Medicaid managed care drug utilization, and (iii) establish a new safe harbor protecting certain service fees paid by drug manufacturers to PBMs.  The proposed rule is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on February 6, 2019, with a 60-day public comment period.

Reed Smith’s Life Sciences and Health Industry Group will be preparing a more detailed client bulletin analyzing the potential implications of the proposed rule and identifying areas for comment.  In the meantime, here are a few of our “hot takes” to consider as you review the proposal.
Continue Reading OIG’s Proposed Drug Pricing Safe Harbor Amendments: “Hot Takes”

On July 18, 2018, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for regulatory review a proposed rule entitled “Removal Of Safe Harbor Protection for Rebates to Plans or PBMs Involving Prescription Pharmaceuticals and Creation of New Safe Harbor

On September 19, 2014, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the Department of Health & Human Services issued a Special Advisory Bulletin (SAB) in which it identified several potential regulatory risks to federal health care programs as the result of coupon programs used by drug manufacturers to reduce or eliminate patient copayments for brand-name drugs. In the SAB, the OIG explains that coupon program sponsors and pharmacies will risk the receipt of penalties if they do not take steps to actively prevent federal health care program beneficiaries from using the coupons. According to the OIG, these coupon programs qualify as examples of remuneration offered to consumers to encourage the purchase and use of specific items, and therefore implicate the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. In addition, a claim that includes items or services resulting from such a kickback violation would constitute a false or fraudulent claim under the False Claims Act.
Continue Reading HHS OIG Paints with Broad Brush in Criticizing Drug Manufacturer Coupon Programs

On Friday, January 27, 2012, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) released its long-awaited proposed rule to implement the provisions of the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) relating to pharmaceutical manufacturer payment of Medicaid rebates and limits on Medicaid reimbursement to pharmacies. The proposed rule addresses a number of important policy issues relevant to pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmacies, and other providers, and also would pose significant operational challenges for pharmaceutical manufacturers with respect to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program (“MDRP”).
Continue Reading CMS Releases Long-Awaited Proposed Rule to Implement ACA Medicaid Manufacturer Rebate and Pharmacy Reimbursement Provisions

This post was also written by Ruth Holzman.

The IRS has issued updated guidance to drug manufacturers on the Affordable Care Act’s annual fee imposed on covered entities engaged in the business of manufacturing or importing branded prescription drugs. The guidance addresses submission of required information, IRS notification of covered entities of their

On August 4, 2011, CMS held an “External Stakeholders Meeting” at its Baltimore headquarters to discuss the development of a survey for what it is now calling “National Average Drug Acquisition Cost” or “NADAC”. Earlier this year, CMS announced that it would publish a pricing benchmark based upon pharmacies’ acquisition costs for both brand and generic drugs, which State Medicaid programs could use instead of Average Wholesale Price (AWP) or Wholesale Acquisition Cost (WAC) to establish pharmacy reimbursement rates. CMS has entered into a contract with Myers & Stauffer, LC, to develop NADAC; Myers & Stauffer currently collects pharmacy acquisition costs for Oregon and Alabama, two states that have made such costs an element of their Medicaid pharmacy reimbursement.
Continue Reading CMS Discusses Details of New “National Average Drug Acquisition Cost” Survey

This post was originally written for the Life Sciences Legal Update blog by Joseph W. Metro and Vicky G. Gormanly. On May 20, 2011, the Health Resources and Services Administration (“HRSA”) released a proposed rule concerning the exclusion of orphan drugs for certain covered entities under the 340B Program. The 340B Program, enacted pursuant to

This post was also written by Ruth N. Holzman and Angelo Ciavarella.

On May 2, 2011, the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) issued Revenue Procedure 2011-24 (the “Revenue Procedure”), which establishes a dispute resolution process for the preliminary fee calculation for the 2011 fee imposed on certain manufacturers and importers of branded prescription drugs

This post was also written by Ruth N. Holzman, Angelo Ciavarella and Vicky G. Gormanly.

On January 14, 2011, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) issued Notice 2011-9 (the “Notice”), which extended the filing date for reporting on Form 8947 a covered entity’s 2009 sales of branded prescription drugs under the Patient Protection and

In April 2010, Reed Smith provided an extensive analysis of the recently-enacted health reform legislation, H.R. 3590, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), as amended by H.R. 4872, the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Reconciliation Act). Together, these sweeping measures expand access to health insurance (including subsidies, mandates, and market reforms); reduce health care spending (particularly in the Medicare program); expand federal fraud and abuse authorities and transparency requirements; impose new taxes and fees on health industry sectors; and institute a variety of other health policy reforms.

In this analysis, we concentrate on those provisions in the new law that will affect life sciences entities: pharmaceutical, device, and biologics manufacturers. These include significant revisions to the Medicaid drug rebate program and the Medicare Part D prescription drug program; an expansion of the Public Health Service Section 340B drug discount program; the imposition of substantial new industry fees and excise taxes; creation of an abbreviated approval pathway for follow-on biologics; and sweeping new reporting and disclosure requirements affecting all manufacturers regarding their relationships with physicians and teaching hospitals, among other changes.

Many of the new provisions require the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to issue implementing regulations. We have referenced notices that have been published already, and we will be reporting on additional developments in the coming months.
Continue Reading Reed Smith Health Care Reform Review: The Affordable Care Act – Analysis and Implications for Drug, Device and Biotech Manufacturers

We want to alert our manufacturer clients to the potential importance of a specific provision included in our analysis of the recent health care reform legislation. As we note at page 108 of our memorandum:

Medicaid Exclusion from Participation Relating to Certain Ownership, Control, and Management Affiliations (Sec. 6502)

[T]his provision requires Medicaid agencies to exclude individuals or entities from participating in Medicaid for a specified period of time if the entity or individual owns, controls, or manages an entity that: (1) has failed to repay overpayments during the period as determined by the Secretary; (2) is suspended, excluded, or terminated from participation in any Medicaid program; or (3) is affiliated with an individual or entity that has been suspended, excluded, or terminated from Medicaid participation.
Continue Reading Caution Lights Ahead for Pharmaceutical Settlements? Impact of Medicaid Exclusion Provisions of PPACA