A recent GAO report, “Medicaid Program Integrity: Increased Oversight Needed to Ensure Integrity of Growing Managed Care Expenditures," identified gaps in both state and federal Medicaid managed care program integrity efforts. For instance, based on a review of Medicaid activities in seven states, the GAO found that five state program integrity units and four Medicaid Fraud Control Units focused on Medicaid FFS claims and do not closely examine Medicaid managed care activities. Likewise, the GAO concluded that federal entities have taken few steps to address Medicaid managed care program integrity. As a result, federal and state entities may not be able to ensure that managed care organizations are taking appropriate actions to identify, prevent, or discourage improper payments. Given the expanding role of Medicaid managed care, inadequate managed care program integrity efforts “will leave a growing portion of federal Medicaid dollars vulnerable to improper payments.” The GAO therefore recommended that CMS: require states to audit payments to and by managed care organizations; update its guidance on Medicaid managed care program integrity; and provide states additional support for managed care oversight, such as audit assistance from existing contractors.